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1. Application of Frame Structure in Construction Engineering1.1The framework structures current state of development Internationally, frame structures are the most popular style of modern architecture. It has the characteristics of large space and flexible space layout. Reinforced concrete and steel frames are both employed in frame structures, with reinforced concrete frames being more popular in educational buildings. [1] Chinas concrete industry has coordinated with global concrete technological progress due to the rapid development of the construction industry. China produces the majority of the worlds concrete. From dry concrete to very fluid concrete to concrete building blocks, concrete is used in a variety of ways. The concrete sector has bright prospects with the development of high-strength concrete, concrete admixtures, various types of concrete with improved performance, and the development of green concrete. Concretes numerous advantages have been properly recognized. [2] The frame is made up of nodes that connect beam and column elements. The frame structure can be classified into three types based on the distinct construction methods: cast-in-place, assembled, and assembled integral. Beam, column, and slab cast-in-place or beam-column cast-in-place and slab pre-casting schemes are commonly employed in seismic areas; beam, column, and slab pre-casting schemes can also be utilized in non-seismic areas. The frame structures connection mechanism is usually hinged or rigid. External and internal forces, such as horizontal, vertical, and seismic loads, are supported by the beam and column. [3].The frame structure has a high degree of rigidity and is capable of withstanding enormous external forces. Furthermore, the frame structure has the characteristics of good integrity and strong spatial separation, which is why it is so popular at the moment. Various challenges with concrete frame constructions have been gradually handled as a result of continual innovation in modern science and technology. The benefits and characteristics of the frame structure have provided support and assurance in actual construction projects, and they are easily applied in everyday life. [4]1.2Factors and scope of selection of framework structure system(1) Consider the requirements of building functions. (2) Consider factors such as building height and aspect ratio, seismic fortification category, seismic fortification intensity, and site conditions.(3) The frame structure system is an optional structure system between the masonry structure and the frame-shear wall structure. The design of the frame structure should conform to the principles of safety and application, advanced technology, economical rationality, and ease of construction (structural design principles).(4) Non-seismic design for multi-story and high-rise buildings. In seismic design,multi-story and small high-rise buildings are generally used for frame structures (below 7 degrees).(5) Due to the poor lateral stiffness of the frame structure, it is not appropriate to design a high frame structure in the seismic area. In the 7 (0.15g) fortification zone, for general civil buildings, the number of floors should not exceed 7 floors and the total height should not exceed 28 meters. In an 8-degree (0.3g) fortification zone, the number of floors should not exceed 5 and the total height should not exceed 20 meters. When the above data is exceeded, although the calculation indicators meet the requirements of the specification, it is not economical. [5]1.3 Framework design specificationsIt goes without saying that frame structure design is critical to building quality. Starting with the design concept and design technology, it is necessary to strictly control parameters such as the inter-layer displacement angle, axial compression ratio, and period ratio of the frame structure, in order to keep the structure parameters within the controllable range and ensure the buildings safety and reliability. For data that does not meet national standards, the designer should use professional knowledge and engineering experience to make reasonable and effective adjustments to keep it within the range allowed by the code, ensuring that the building is not only functional, but also energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. [4]2. Design calculation method for RC frame structure2.1 Damage control Seismic Design of Moment-resisting RC Frame buildings Initially, the structure is designed using the traditional strength-based method. The two performance indexes, the inter-story drift ratio and the global damage index, are then tested against the performance objectives limits. The capacity spectrum approach evaluates only the inter-story drift. CDYSS, which establishes a link between yield strength and damage index, is used to measure the global damage index indirectly. The following is the technique for damage-control seismic design of RC frame buildings: [6](1) Perform preliminary design and determine seismic performance objectives After the preliminary design is completed, the basic configuration and structural layout are selected, the initial parameters are input, and the seismic performance objectives are determined considering many combined factors. [6](2) Design structural components for required strength under frequent earthquakes by the current conventional strength-based method.(3) Transform a MDOF system into an equivalent SDOF system The dynamic characteristics of the structure, such as the natural vibration periods and modes, are obtained, and then the original multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system is transformed into an equivalent SDOF system by using normal equivalent principles.(4) Perform pushover analysis. The base shear versus top displacement relationship curve is obtained, and then the yield strength and the ultimate displacement ductility factor under monotonic loading are derived. [6](5) Check the inter-story drift. The inter-story drift responses at the performance points are checked against the limit values that correspond with the selected performance objectives. The steel reinforcement should be adjusted if the requirement could not be met. Then, the process should be repeated from Step 4. The iteration should be complete until the limit is satisfied. [6](6) If inter-story drift ratio at the performance point meets the performance requirement, determine the required strength of the structure (Ductility ability and CDYSS). [6](7) If the strength meets the performance requirement, conduct construction detail design. [6]2.2 RC frame design based on displacement-based seismic optimization design method (analysis of structural performance level and displacement control index)The primary idea behind the displacement-based seismic design method is to design a structure and its components using the structures displacement response as the aim under a given degree of earthquake, so that the structure meets the ductility requirements for that level of earthquake. This method is a common performance-based design method and an important means to actualize the performance-based seismic design concept. The ductility coefficient design approach, capacity spectrum method, and direct displacement-based design method are the three most common displacement-based seismic design methods. The purpose of the ductility coefficient design approach is to determine the relationship between the components displacement ductility coefficient or section curvature ductility coefficient and the concretes ultimate compressive strain in the plastic hinge zone. The restraint stirrups ensure that the core concrete may reach the appropriate ultimate compressive strain, ensuring that the component has the required Ductility coefficient. The capacity spectrum approach is used to assess a structures seismic performance by looking at the relationship between its capacity spectrum curve and the seismic demand spectrum curve. To make the structure meet the expected displacement, the direct displacement-based seismic design approach calculates the seismic action of the structure based on the expected displacement. [7]2.3 RC frame structure seismic design method based on energy method (numerical simulation method) The intensity, frequency spectrum, and duration of the ground motion are all three properties. Only the displacement index is utilized to evaluate the structures seismic performance; the cumulative damage impact induced by the earthquakes duration characteristics on the structure is not taken into account. As a result, using displacement indicators alone to explain the seismic performance and failure characteristics of the elastoplastic phase of a structure is insufficient. Energy-based seismic design incorporates two fundamental structural design parameters, force and displacement, and evaluates the input, conversion, and dissipation of energy under the action of earthquakes, in order to manage the energy transformation path and fully reflect earthquake action. Effect on the structure. The primary idea behind the energy-based seismic design method is to see if the structure or component meets the energy and demand balancing principle: seismic input energy structure energy consumption capability.Calculating the seismic energy intake and energy consumption capacity of various types of structures or components is, thus, a presumption based on the use of energy seismic design methodologies. Based on this, the main research work is presently focused on two aspects: energy demand analysis and energy capacity analysis, in addition to study on the approach itself. [8]3. Frame structure layout The structure of a reinforced concrete frame is essentially a connected frame of components that are firmly connected to one another. These are referred to as instant linkages. There are also other sorts of connections, such as hinged connections, which are usually utilized in steel structures, while concrete frame structures almost always use moment connections. [9]3.1 Major parts of frame structure Slabs: the plate elements that flexure to carry the loads. They are usually the ones who carry the vertical loads. They can carry relatively substantial wind and earthquake forces under the operation of horizontal loads, thanks to a considerable moment of inertia, and subsequently transmit them to the beam. [10]Beams:Carry slab loads as well as direct loads such as stone walls and their own weights. They can be supported by the other beams or by columns that are an intrinsic component of the frame. The flexural members are principally responsible for this. [10]Columns: Loads from the beams and higher columns are carried by vertical elements. Axial or eccentric loads can be carried. In comparison to beams and slabs, columns are the most crucial. Because although a single beam can cause a local failure on a single floor, a single column can cause the entire structure to collapse. [10] The foundation is a load-bearing element. Through the foundations, the loads from the columns and walls are conveyed to the solid ground. [11]Shear walls are actually very massive columns that appear to be walls rather than columns because of their size. They support horizontal loads like as wind and earthquakes. They are also responsible for carrying vertical weights. [10]Elevator shafts are vertical concrete boxes that contain elevators that can move up and down. The elevator is housed in a concrete box of its own. These shafts serve as excellent structural elements, helping to resist horizontal stresses while simultaneously carrying vertical loads. [12]3.2 Rigid structural frames and Braced structural framesAt the construction site, rigid structural frames are erected, which may or may not be poured monolithically. They give additional stability and efficiently resist rotations. Because to the interaction of walls, beams, and slabs, this frame has positive and negative bending moments throughout the structure. [13]The bracing action of diagonal elements resists lateral forces in braced structural frames. Theyre employed to counteract sideways forces. The rectangular regions of a structural frame are braced by inserting diagonal structural elements. [13]3.3 Setting scheme of deformation jointThe structure can be split into multiple independent portions by settlement joints, expansion joints, and seismic joints in the overall layout of the frame structure, taking into account the negative effects of settlement, temperature variations, and complex body shape on the structure. After the frame structure is in place, the design and construction of the building, structure, and equipment will be more challenging, and the foundation waterproofing will be tough to manage. As a result, the current trend is to avoid setting the seam and instead use the overall pattern or structure to make the necessary arrangements. Measures to mitigate the negative impacts of settlement, extreme temperature variations, or a complicated bodily shape. The frame structure should be separated into distinct structural units when joints must be placed. [14]4. Application of PKPM in the design of frame structure In the process of architectural engineering design, the application of the PKPM frame structure design method is becoming more and more common. The planar layout adopting the PKPM frame structure design is flexible and can be applied to large space factories, shopping malls, residences, etc., to meet the architectural layout needs of various functions. The design of the building frame structure is mainly divided into four stages, which are structural layout, structural calculation analysis, component design, and construction drawing. The PKPM software is mainly used in the structural calculation analysis and component design phases. [15] [16]References[1] J. Heyman., 'Beams and Framed Structures 2nd Edition,'. [2] GB50352-2005. Civil building design general principles. [3] GB 50011-2010. Code for seismic design of buildings. [4] E. X. Xiuli., Design of concrete frame structure, China Construction Industry Press, 2008.. [5] 11G329-1. Detailed seismic design of buildings (multistory and high-rise reinforced concrete houses). [6] B. F. 1 (April 1. 2008) (April 1, 2008), ISBN-10: 7508366379, ISBN-13: 978-7508366371.'. [22] P. C. M. C. K. J. M. P. C. M. F. Kim S. Elliott BTech, 'Multi‐storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures, 21 October 2013.'. [23] Ray Hulse amp; Jack Cain, Structural Mechanics 2nd edition.. [24] Rob Thallon, Graphic Guide to Frame Construction: Fourth Edition, Revised and Updated.. [25] GB 50009-2012. Building Structure Load Specification. [26] GB 50010-2010. Code for design of concrete structures. [27] GB 50003-2011. Code for design of masonry structures. [28] GB 50016-2014. Code for fire protection of building design. [29] GB / T 50104-2010. Architectural drawing standards. [30] GB / T 50001-2010. Unified standard for building drawing. [31] GB / T 50105-2010. Building structure drafting standards. [32] 16G101-2. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and structural details (in-situ concrete slab stairs). [33] 16G101-3. Concrete structure construction plan overall representation method of drawing rules and detailed structural drawings (independent foundation, strip foundation, raft foundation and pile foundation cap).
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