A Comparative Analysis of the Keywords in Inaugural Addresses of U.S. Presidents from Both Parties 美国两党总统就职演讲内容关键词对比分析文献综述

 2023-05-05 09:05

文献综述

1.IntroductionThis chapter is an introduction to the whole thesis, which illustrates the background, the purpose and the structure of the study.1.1 Background of the researchAmerican Presidential Inaugural Addresses（APIAs）, a type of public political speaking, are publicly delivered by the newly-elected presidents on Inauguration Day to the whole country and world. In the addresses, presidents lay out their administrative creeds and persuade the public to accept and support their ideas, which has had a significant impact worldwide and has become a major research hotspot. In previous studies, most scholars have focused on the APIAs from the perspective of genre, stylistic features, rhetoric, or critical discourse analysis and conducted a series of studies. Besides, there are a few studies on keywords of APIAs, which has provided a new perspective for us.Throughout the history of the United States, the two parties have fiercely competed against each other. The Republican Party mainly represents the upper middle class and the Democratic Party mainly represents the lower middle class. Ideologically, the Republican Party tends to be conservative and lay more emphasis on maintaining individual freedom while the Democratic Party tends to be liberal, with more emphasis on human rights, social equality. In terms of internal policies, the Republican Party advocates reducing government power, opposing government intervention in economic and social issues, advocating lower taxes and social welfare, and reducing public spending（Xiong, 2021）. The Democratic Party, on the contrary, advocates expanding the power of the government, which should actively solve various social and economic problems and increase social welfare. In terms of foreign policy, the Republican Party emphasizes more on American interests, and often promotes unilateralist policies, but the Democratic Party places more emphasis on promoting the values of human rights and social equality. Therefore, the result of the U.S. congressional elections is seen as a weather vane of the changing political trends in American society, and the prevailing political trend represented by the winning party, becoming an important factor in predicting the governing policies of the new administration.1.2 Purposes of the researchThe current study is aimed to compare keywords in inaugural addresses of U.S. presidents from both parties. The purposes of studies can be illustrated from the following two aspects.Firstly, in the theoretical sense, the current study aims to find out the top ten keywords of the presidential inaugural addresses of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, and then to compare and analyze the similarities and differences between the keywords of the presidential inaugural addresses of the two parties, so as to explore the similarities and differences of the ideological core and the policies of the two parties. In addition, the study aims to find out the causes of the similarities and differences of the keywords of the inaugural addresses, to further understand the two-party system in the United States.Secondly, in the practical sense, figuring out the similarities and differences of the keywords in presidential inaugural addresses can gain insights into the construction of political parties and absorb more mature experience in its operation and use for reference, which is beneficial to the construction of our countrys political party.1.3 Structure of the researchThe whole thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the background of this research, and outlines the aims and organization of the study. The review of some previous studies on stylistic features of American Presidential Inaugural Addresses and some studies about the keywords analysis on APIAs. Chapter Three illustrates research questions, methodology, software used and research procedures. Chapter Four discusses the results and explains the previous questions. Chapter Five summarizes the major findings and implications of the study, it also figures out the limitations and gives some suggestions for the future studies.2.Literature reviewThis chapter introduces previous studies on American presidential inaugural addresses from the perspective of stylistics and some related studies about the keywords analysis of American presidential inaugural addresses.2.1 Previous studies on stylistic features of American presidential inaugural addresses The American presidential inaugural addresses have captured much attention all over the world, and the content of the speech presents the ideology and spirituality of the United States as a nation, attracting many researchers to explore the texts of the inaugural addresses from different perspectives such as genre and stylistic features, and some scholars study the rhetoric, or discourse of the texts in a more detailed manner.Trosborg (2000) adopts the genre analysis method to study the communicative purposes, the move structures and the rhetorical features, which provides some clues for researching political speeches, but a broader range of studies may be necessary for a better understanding in special situations.Xiong (2004), from the perspective of stylistics, analyzes Kennedys inaugural address from the aspects of lexis, syntax, rhetoric, and discourse. The stylistic features are beneficial for people to better appreciate Kennedys speech and learn some linguistic techniques to improve the speech level. Wang (2012) chooses 10 samples according to time intervals of 24 years from all the APIAs delivered by 44 American presidents from 1789 to 2008 and analyzes with detail from the dimensions of linguistic description, including lexical level, syntactic level, and textual level as well rhetorical devices and their rhetorical effectiveness, and reveals the general tendency that is reflected in the addresses. However, the stylistic analysis on the phonological level is not included in this thesis and the author does not analyze the contextual factors of these APIAs in more detailed manner, which can help go deeper in stylistic analysis of inaugural addresses. Liu amp;Wu（2019）adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the latest five APIAs. Based on Burkes same theory, they try to study the rhetoric in these inaugural addresses in three aspects，including rhetorical content，rhetorical form and phonetic rhetoric and figure out how various rhetorical strategies help the speaker achieve identification with the audience and exploring the implications for English Discourse Teaching. Tian (2019) studies the corpus of APIAs from 1901 to 2017 to identify the types of metaphors in APIAs and explore the effect of metaphors in them.Gao (2010) explores the corpus of APIAs from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis. The study also takes a diachronic and comparative view into the APIAs. Although both are from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis, Wang (2019) adds thethree-dimensional framework model of Fairclough, measurement stylistics and interpersonalfunction theory as the theoretical basis, and the NLTK repository in python as the research tool to conduct a diachronic analysis of APIAs.2.2 Previous studies on keywords of American presidential inaugural addressesBesides, there are a few studies on keywords of APIAs. Dou A diachronical critical discourse analysis on the American presidential inaugural addresses. Masters dissertation, Fudan University.Kasper, W., Wouter, V. A., amp; Kenneth, B. (2017). Text analysis in R. Communication methods and measures, 11(4), 245-265.Li, W. Z. (2003). A CLEC-Based analysis of key words and associates. Modern foreign languages (quarterly), 26(3), 283-293.Ren, R. F. (2011). A study on high-frequency words in college students English speeches. Masters dissertation, Hunan University.Scott, M. (1997). 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